Time to Think Forward
The world has never been a perfectly
fair place. And it is unlikely to be so even in future. Nevertheless, it can
always be fairer and better than what it is. Probably this is the sentiment
that has driven all great civilisations, societies and states. They have surged forward riding the imaginations, initiatives and
persistence of a few who dared think big and ventured in newer directions.
A major transformation towards betterment always takes credible leadership to persuade the most, but not necessarily all. The process is continuous without a final destination. But more often it needs a spark in the form of a crisis or opportunity to get the momentum.
If we look deeply, all human progress appears driven by the quest for security. This begins with fundamental needs of survival amidst challenges posed by the forces of nature, other species and fellow humans. At a subsequent stage, dignity becomes a predominant need, which, if examined closely, shall appear extension of security only.
Man has probably never experienced a world where fulfilment of such needs was possible for people universally and equitably. But the efforts to move towards a more secure, just and fairer world has shaped all political and social innovations, leading to comprehensive advancement of societies and Civilisations. However, our perception about what constitutes an optimally fair and just world, despite having certain broad similarities, has also been evolving with passage of time in same society, whereas it has always varied in different cultures and civilisations.
Simultaneously, we need constant investment of both ideas and initiatives to improve the quality of human existence or a societal order and even a political system. A society can optimize its strength only if it bolsters the quality of internal cohesion and harmony, where individuals and societies mutually empower each other or share a sustainable synergy with each other.
The idea of contemporary version of Western democracy arose a few centuries back to guard European aristocracy from arbitrary actions of monarchy. Gradually it evolved to bring ordinary masses into its ambit to pursue their collective aspirations. But the direction and pace of such evolution of the idea of democracy has never been unilinear and consistent. Nevertheless, it is the only political system that promises, at least on paper, to provide entire citizenry an equal right to political participation in quest of building an optimally just and fair society that offers universal access to dignity, freedom and security.
Despite all its flaws and shortfalls, democracy has succeeded in providing much higher quality of existence, with higher levels of all round security to people with more predictable opportunities for upward economic and social mobility. Resultant peace, even though relative, has unleashed much higher quality and pace pushing all round enterprise and innovation that has benefitted entire mankind. But dividends of representative political systems have not percolated to the lowest strata of society in probably most contexts. Large sections of people even in established democracies have expressed disillusion over inability of democracies to pursue its promises with optimal sincerity.
Elections Insufficient to Pursue Goals of Democracy
Despite a world-wide rise in number of elected governments as well as improvement in integrity and transparency levels in electoral processes, democracies appear increasingly incapable of pursuing collective aspirations of people or earning universal trust in nearly all contexts. Bitter political rivalries, raucous discourses and divisive electoral battles in most cases have been fracturing societal cohesion. Smaller cohesive groups or cartels or syndicates succeed in exploiting the institutional gaps to rig democracies of their core spirit and key promises.
The phenomenon may be particularly disturbing in larger societies facing regular influx of people different parts of the world or even internally. Such challenges have always been formidable in most post-colonial societies. But erosion in integrity of institutions is a reality even in some of the most established democracies. Probably, human beings have not yet psychologically and socially evolved to a level where they can build sufficient trust and integrity amongst themselves to sustain a social and political order that was envisioned by the world leaders in the aftermath of second world war through Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948.
Devastations experienced by mankind during the second world war had probably pushed them to set such goals that could avoid recurrence of such or similar catastrophe. These goals may be difficult to achieve but a little progress towards these pushed the mankind towards zones of higher safety and fairerness. Phenomenon of Mahatma Gandhi, even though unacknowledged in UDHR charter, find resonance in these goals. Decolonisation was again a manifestation of such idealism, howsoever limited or acquiesced with reluctance by colonial powers.
If we examine closely, the evolutionary journey of accountable and representative political systems has frequently battled setbacks, distortions, and degenerations. Very often these reversed the advances made over
decades and centuries. One often wonders whether the democracy has reached similar crossroads since the turn of this century. Today, democracy as a political system appears to be facing one of the most serious crises of credibility. It can no longer claim to be committed to universal access to all round security, justice and dignity. It compels us to believe that the very process of evolution of democracy has lost its direction, where it’s fate or sustainability is in doubt.
Rich Western democracies, especially United States and some in the West Europe may be doing better on several parameters of governance and innovation due to their accumulated prosperity and strength of institutions built over the preceding few centuries. But institutional decay appears to be threatening them as much as it threatens the rest, even though the impact may not be as serious as it may be in other parts of the world. At roots of their strength lays, what has often been pejoratively described as wealth earned through "piratic" or "colonial" plunder, besides enterprise, innovation and leadership of sections of their people.
But democracy as a political system does not have same advantages in the developing world. Hence, these appear too fragile and fractured to push the agenda of comprehensive and harmonious advancement of their people. Hence, the temptation to look at the Chinese model and attempt to replicate it, while maintaining an outward facade of representative democracy and competitive politics, remains high.
It would be fair to contend that open and representative political systems, in their existing form, may not be able to carry out a course correction in normal course.
But the silver-lining is that, despite all their flaws and imperfections, they do offer the biggest space for such initiatives from societies and citizens. There is need for a wider public discourse to explore a direction towards which the idea of democracy needs to evolve in pursuit of its own promises and objectives.
What optimizes strengths of a society is its ability to provide optimal space for individuals to evolve to their fullest potential and yet contribute to the collective strength of their people. This is possible only in a trust based social ambience that fosters optimal cooperation and collaboration at one level and fairer competition at the other. Progress in this direction could be limitless. This can push societies and civilisations towards more comprehensive and sustainable advancement. However, this is easier said than done. Intent alone can never be sufficient for pursuing such aspirations. We need deeply thought-out ideas and initiatives at one level and ability of key stakeholders in a society to build some consensus to push the agenda of transformation.
Fairness and Justice At the Core of Democracy
Even though no society has ever been absolutely fair or just, these two ideals- fairness and justice - have always been, and shall remain, the most critical ingredient of a robust, sustainable and progressive societal-political order. The man transitioned from band of cave-dwelling hunter-gatherers to an amiable creature living in harmonious communities and societies only in pursuit, as well as on strength, of these two attributes. Contemporary idea of democracy is an outcome of probably more advanced and refined version of initiatives in this direction. It promises universal access
to an optimally fair, just and secure social-political order in much larger societies. Hence, it needs complex instruments and tools with elaborate procedures that at times become far too cumbersome as well.
These institutions and procedures manifest accumulated knowledge, experiences, values and traditions of the context in which the idea of democracy evolved. Some of these may be incongruent with prevailing social realities in many of the Afro-Asian states and societies. Besides, one cannot be faulted for believing that some powerful sections of society have managed to influence the practices and procedures of democracy to retain their own privileges and entitlements. These do negate the idea of fairness and objectivity that was a key promise of democracy
The ideas of fairness and justice or the wider values of society can never be static.
A careful examination of rise of Western model of democracy suggests that genesis of this political system was not driven by universal altruism, empathy or even benevolence. Those who forced signing of Magna Carta in 1215 or declared independence of 13 British colonies in North America were driven by urge to protect their economic interests rather than usher in a humanist society. Nevertheless, the attributes mentioned above are critical for fostering bonds among humans or building vibrant institutions like family, kinship groups, communities or society. These also helped transition humans from band of beasts to amiable social creatures.
But the social context in which Western democracy germinated was highly unequal and oppressive. This was both internally and externally. From Magna-carta to French revolution era, the working classes in Europe were condemned to a wretched life for sheer existence. They were poorly paid and were reduced to complete servitude. At the same time, these societies had managed to colonize even rests of the world whom they plundered unabashedly and enslaved able-bodied men and women from Africa for centuries. These did help lay foundations of the spectacular prosperity that these states have today.
It was only since the beginning of the 20th century, when the idea of democracy started gaining momentum, the inequality levels were reduced in Western societies. The trend continued till 1970s. But this was the time when the famous Tri-lateral commission report of 1975 captioned as "Crisis of Democracy.." had highlighted how the democracies of West Europe, North America and Japan etc were not able to act cohesively and decisively on key issues of governance. But the larger process of privatization initiated during Reagan and Margret Thatcher era- popularly known as Reaganomics and Thatcherism - or the globalisation that followed subsequently, inequality levels became increasingly steeper almost everywhere. Democracies are yet to find an answer to this challenge.
Some of the self-seeking, combative and aggressive attributes, identified with early barbaric and savage humans have been modified and contained substantially in most contexts as societies have progressed and evolved, However, these human instincts can never be eliminated entirely. In most contexts, these appear necessary for survival of individuals and even societies to varying extents. But certain societies and communities, that did better than the rest, did so by their ability to strike a right balance between aggression, combat and self-preservation at one level and empathy, benevolence, integrity and altruism on the other. A sustainable equilibrium between these two conflicting sets of human attributes have added to the strength and resilience of societies and civilisations that have done better than the rest.
Inability of Democracy to Provide Responsive Governments:
Though elections are ultimate hallmark of political accountability, but their ability to usher in responsive and humane governance appears inadequate. In most contexts people fought and exacted the right to vote, or political participation in ancient societies, to protect their interests or obtain some privileges for themselves. In many others, these had evolved out of certain necessities in their own unique context. Electoral process in ancient Greece or Rome germinated among local elite because none wanted to lose out to others following collapse of existing authority structures. Citizens were much smaller in number in these societies, compared to slaves and landless workers. They had no great humanist vision behind this principle that they instituted quite early. In Rome, political participation and representation, though largely dominated by elite patrician class, did help empower the under-privileged plebian class as well. But eventually heroics of military leaders and their personal ambitions dismantled the Republic itself.
Ancient Europe was not the only civilization that had distrusted arbitrary authority, guided by whims and fancies of an individual. There were many others who did so. Some invoked reason and others divine sanctions. But even the greatest among leaders have been vulnerable to human frailties. Reason or divine sanction often crumbled in face of self-seeking human ingenuity. Many rulers in different societies of yesteryears have claimed divinity to silence and oppress any resistance to their power. They often eliminated, intimidated and commodified the rest within their own society and beyond, to varying degrees. Hence, genocide, misogyny, slavery, loot and plunder had been part of traditions and values of several communities. In many contexts, their forms and intensity have changed but not the underlying human instincts, which seem to be deeply ingrained in their psyche and genes.
Simultaneously, there have also been efforts to build social orders that are based on altruism, integrity and humanism. Europe discovered and perfected these values much later. But ancient India, despite certain exceptions, had widely incorporated practices and principles that can be considered scientific humanism, rule of law, and participative governance under the overall ambit of Dharma. Licchavi republic of ancient India or the concept of 16 Mahajanapadas of India have often been referred as the earliest republics in India. But probably, these traditions are far more ancient than what Western history books may suggest. Transparent and accountable authority structures, with wider freedom and security for people, is believed to have scripted exceptional all-round rise of India much before Roman, Chinese and Persian or even Egyptian empires.
Potentially a free society, driven by scientific and conscientious rules as well as corresponding societal values and norms can push communities and people on path of collective and comprehensive advancement at a much faster pace. But it is difficult to not only such an order, which may have taken generations, but also sustain these due to behavioural and genetic constraints of humans as a race. In absence of adequate vigilance and sustained reinvigoration, such political-societal order are vulnerable to decay, degeneration or subversion. Probably this is what happened with India, much before Islamic invasions.
In Europe, developments like Magna-Carta, Rennaissance, Reformation, declaration of American independence, French revolution, industrial revolution and Enlightenment philosophies etc all left their impact on pushing the ideals of a just and fair world. These helped lay broad contours of contemporary Western democracy. Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation Act of 1863, abolishing slavery or the subsequent global fight against Nazism, de-colonisation or emergence of welfare state in Europe all contributed to expand the vision of democracy that we have today. Subsequent rise in number of elected governments demonstrated the strength of the idea of representative government and popular yearning for the same. But many of the detailed principles and practices of democratic politics have failed to curb narcissistic self-seeking and even dishonest ways to profiteer at the cost of society. Probably self-seeking combative and aggressive ways are integral to genetic make up of humans and there is need for further conditioning human minds and regulating societies to create amiable and congenial societal spaces for people to collaborate and compete more fairly.
Driven by some of the primal instincts, sections of people have managed to dilute the efficacy of most of the instruments of checks and balances that democracies have instituted. This appears to be a reality in nearly all contexts, to varying degrees, with few rare exceptions. Simultaneously, the forces of
market, amidst globalisation, appear to be creating a spiral of inequality where large sections of masses are getting increasingly irrelevant. Most democracies are receding on access to freedom,
equality, liberty and justice.
It is also possible that what may have been
sufficiently fair and just in the past may not be so today. With evolution of human
sensibilities, our ideas about fairness and expectations from democracy have also risen too high to achieve. But we have to concede that an idea – howsoever powerful and strong- loses vigour and appeal with passage of time, unless it is consistently refined
and reinvigorated. The idea of democracy appears to be battling a similar predicament.
Key Challenges Facing Democracies
At this juncture of history, Democracy - as a political and governance
system- appears incapable of addressing challenges of our times. The relative success of Chinese model, compared to Indian one, also demonstrates that it is not effective towards optimising
collective potential and output of people, at least in its prevailing shape and structures. The conflict between its values and
practices has been steadily expanding. Competition in markets often turns in
to war - sans physical violence- due to deficient regulations. Amidst this ruthless competition for power and wealth, masses and large sections of even intelligentsia are struggling to avoid
irrelevance.
Unregulated political competition in many contexts has turned into
irreconcilable squabbles. Instead of pushing excellence in
governance or empowering people, democracies are increasingly breeding conflict and fracturing societies. Exploitation of
contentious identities, for political mobilisation, pushes larger governance
obligations on the back-burner. Similarly, extreme inequality poses a problem beyond
moral indignation. It destroys strategic balance needed for healthy evolution of society, which is crucial for its stability and progress. It destroys the quality of cooperation, collaboration and even competition, that have provided thrust to accelerated advancement of open societies at early stages.
Extreme wealth or power, especially the one emanating more from entitlement or inheritance, has potential to drive people towards unmanageable levels of narcissism. The culture of power without responsibility, can doom any society. It is not merely the laze and complacence of wealthy that threatens progress, it is absence of adequate restraint on their capacity to distort the governance priorities of their society to their own advantage, and to the detriment of the rest, that may peril collective plight of people. A globalised world appears rife for such potential, where some the most powerful corporate leaders or corporations have no bond or connect with the communities or people anywhere.
On the other hand, we are aware of de-humanizing impact of extreme poverty. It not only pushes people to high levels of subservience but even dishonesty in certain situations. This is both in quest of sheer survival or unrestrained personal aspirations kindled in face of temptations. Such a phenomenon cripples potential and productivity of entire society because people are more likely to find innovative ways to enrich and empower themselves rather than reap rewards of their labour and industry. Such a scenario has potential to destroy incentives for high quality
efforts and excellence by people on both sides of the spectrum. In worst case scenario, wide-spread deprivations for large mass of people can impair physical-cognitive capacity of the work force. This in turn shall impede optimal progress, output and collective security
of entire society.
The current crisis of democracy is no
longer confined to marginal shortfalls. In fact, barring a few
exceptions, democracy as a political system seems to have lost the very
direction and the trajectory of its evolution. In many cases, it has been pushing societies towards steeper inequality by eroding space for social mobility. Not only evolving democracies like India or South Africa face this challenge but even the most established and the most powerful democracy of our times, United States has failed to escape this trap, albeit with lesser consequences for the time-being. Expanding governance gaps, erosion of probity in public life, increasing social
fissures and mass anxiety along with routine miscarriages of justice are realities, albeit is lesser degrees, even in rich democracies. These distortions in post-colonial democracies may be at a higher level due to their fragile institutions and a culture of sustained plunder of public resources that has continued even after their independence.
Institutional dysfunction in many of the established democracies is only a
matter of degree. In past, many advanced civilisations and societies have
declined or have suddenly been decimated by their failure to detect and negotiate
similar challenges and contradictions. Ramifications shall be much wider for
decline and subversion of governance institutions in major democracies in the
current technology-driven integrated world. This is especially when the Chinese model of opaque authoritarianism has been gaining increasing acceptability. Many reports and research suggest that Chinese state is clandestinely subverting established democracies. This is difficult to verify but it appears quite logical as world-wide erosion of democracy is likely to ease pressure on CCP to loosen its stranglehold on the vast landmass that has very high population and an economy that is likely to overtake that of the even United States in not too distant a future.
Greater Vulnerability of Open Societies:
A careful observation and analysis of
facts suggest that open and transparent societies are more vulnerable to
subversion. Open societies operate more on volition and trust rather than intimidation and control. If larger culture of integrity and trust are missing in a society, democratic institutions are likely to struggle to sustain and deliver. Simultaneously, a culture trust and freedom for people also makes it more vulnerable to external subversion, especially in a globalised world. It offers bigger space for subversives - local or external- to abuse trust and exploit gaps.
Democracies derive their strength from stronger
institutional capacities and a healthy equilibrium within and among institutions.
Excellence or strength of one institution depends on corresponding
strength of others. Any disturbance in this equilibrium or decline or
degeneration in one institution can generate cascading impact on the rest. Similarly,
a stronger thrust in key institutions towards excellence and integrity through higher quality of collaboration can bolster capacity of other institutions.
Dysfunctional or even sub-functional institutions enhance
vulnerability of democratic states multi-fold. Weaker institutions translate into lesser
capacity of a state to translate its vision into reality. In a complex
web of procedures, many democracies are foregoing certain fundamental goals of creating a healthy, ethical and technically skilled citizenry that can contribute to collective economic, social and intellectual strength of a society. Evolving democracies are particularly tolerant to absence of integrity for incumbents at key leadership level roles. These have nullified some of the key strengths that the democracies possess towards bolstering collective capacities of people. The challenge in some of the powerful democracies may vary only in degree. In absence of adequate degree of integrity, ethic and even intelligence among citizenry, a higher level of social trust and harmony become unsustainable. This in turn destroys the quality of collaboration, which otherwise constitutes the key strength of democracy.
Extreme inequality in most
democracies has disproportionately empowered substantial number of people. Only few of the beneficiaries of such opulence can claim to be legitimate leaders of
society. In most cases, extreme wealth, earned even though
legitimate and lawful means, is more an outcome of market dynamics rather than quality of efforts invested. Though a few self-made billionaires of our times are living a relatively modest and austere life and investing a lot in charity or philanthropy, their numbers is far too limited. There are large number of instances where extreme wealth is neither an
outcome of legitimate or ethical pursuit nor does it contribute to social
wellbeing in any manner. In many societies, huge inheritances have produced a massive class of rent dependent people, some of whom could appear a net liability on any society.
If we scratch the surface a little more, we come
across several forces, who have profiteered by exploiting loopholes in lax
governance or deficiently regulated markets. In autocracies and totalitarian systems, such entities
may require direct patronage of the state to flourish. Situation is not too different in most fragile democracies. But even in established democracies, there are far too many gaps in institutions that allow transfer of public resources for private enrichment of a few. Some of the detailed case studies are being held back for the rime being but these are available in any case in open domain. Further, such individual enrichment in most cases is far too disproportionate not only to efforts of the beneficiaries but threatens people across the world. The resultant phenomenon has been retarding collective resilience and net capacity of open societies across all divides.
Simultaneously, in a globalised world, trade and
technology have augmented the quality of lives of people nearly everywhere barring some of the least developed nations. But these have also emerged
as lethal tools of depredation for both internal and external actors. Some of the cutting-edge technologies not only threaten to take away jobs of substantial sections of work force or render them entirely irrelevant but technologies are empowering autocrats and despots to use various shades of surveillance weapons to snuff out political opponents. Technologies also open up possibilities for people both in economic and political sphere to eliminate all competition and hold societies on ransom. Under
these circumstances, inefficient and subverted institutions appear incapable of resisting such urge among section of people almost anywhere. These also augment the
vulnerability of people, eroding their all-round security, almost everywhere that the process of democratization has assured in whatever limited degree.
On a positive side, the current crises facing democracies can also translate into potential opportunities for refinement of their institutions. Leaders with credibility in different sectors and regions,
may have to make a concerted effort to push for greater innovation in
re-defining the broader rules and norms of regulation to enhance the quality of competition and collaboration to push for more excellence. That alone can optimize the quality of
individual and collective output of not only these societies but also the entire human race. Accumulated strength
of scientific ideas and innovations equip us with
stronger capacity in this direction.
Today, we find a far bigger gap, if not conflict, between individual aspirations and collective empowerment of societies. The idea of corporate robber barons has been discussed since late 19th Century in the Western democracies. Some of the famous names included John D Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie and James J Hill among others, who later became known for their philanthropic ventures as well. It is possible that large-scale public indignation, among other factors, forced them to take high moral position by investing heavily in charities. However, today's context is very different. Such pressure appears to be easing out, notwithstanding the pledge by some of the top billionaires of our time.
Rising number of billionaires, concentration of wealth and, what some of the Western philosophers describe, marketisation of society appears to be pushing the world towards an era of some form of disguised slavery. These threaten to reverse not merely the peace and prosperity that the mankind has experienced in the aftermath of second world-war but also very sustainability of some of the key features like rule of law, equal access to opportunities, free press, independent judiciary, efficient bureaucracy or sagacious legislatures.
Need To Go Beyond Western Stereotypes:
The very idea of democracy needs serious and sustained innovations in its vision, goals, structures and processes to pursue its own promises and objectives in each context. Priorities of different societies differ substantially. Each need different focus and probably a little different set of tools to pursue its own priorities. Well thought
out ideas and initiatives in this direction are required not only in the West but even in post-colonial societies. These can unleash latent potentials of people and
societies to bolster levels of economic prosperity, security and dignity at a much bigger and comprehensive levels. It is also time for
democracy to move beyond the shackles of the recent Western experiences and
perceptions.
Ongoing debates on challenges facing democracy in the West have
remained largely West-centric, condemning populist parochialism and rising distrust
against institutions in these societies. These rarely mention challenges faced
by democracies in Asia and Africa, howsoever fragile or nascent these may be. Success of these democracies is also critical, not only for plight of their people but also preserving a better global ecosystem for open societies to thrive universally. Subversion of resource rich fragile democracies, or absence of democracy in such pockets of Africa and Asia or even South America, have enabled a resurgent China to fuel its own accelerated growth by ensuring monopolistic access to these by either bribing local elite or clandestinely subverting their democracy. This phenomenon has the potential negatively impact not only democracies in Asia but also some of the rich democracies of the world, including the most powerful one of our times-United States. This brand of neo-colonialism enables a small caucus of Chinese Communist Party to render even the most powerful democracy powerless in many parts of the world.
Simultaneously, many a times, the debate on fate democracy appears driven by an agenda of retaining material and technological superiority of West over the “Rest”. Probably, the Western democracies need to realise that their fate depends more on refinement of democracies at home and abroad and not subverting these anywhere. Hence, building a stronger partnership among democracies is critical for exploring ways of reinvigorating their governance institutions to push for greater individual and collective empowerment of people in all open societies.
Democracies in developing world have
perennially struggled against instability, corruption and poor performance. Inefficiency
or inconsistency in public services in most evolving democracies, against the
paradox of rising opulence of a small elite, was accepted on the pretext of
weak institutions. But there should be no space for such phenomenon in the established democracies. There is need for a serious discourse on these issues in that part of the world. Simultaneously, many democracies even in the developing world
have advanced, consolidating their political and governance institutions and
their output, as well as overall record on transparency, integrity and
individual freedom under stewardship of visionary leaders. But beyond a point, they too seem to have lost direction. Most beneficiaries of upward economic, social and political mobility, or their progenies, have sought to restrict equitable access to opportunities for others by subverting their own institutions, rendering many of them severely dysfunctional. These have eroded overall authority and
capacity of the state to uphold rule of law uniformly and consistently.
Conflicts, contradictions and gaps in
societies, communities and institutions cannot entirely be eliminated. But these
can certainly be addressed better with innovation and intellect, driven by integrity. It would also be naïve to assume that major challenges facing democratic societies and states could be addressed by normal dynamics of political competition or market forces. Probably in absence of major restructuring of institutions, and conscious investment of ideas and initiatives in this direction, it may be nearly impossible to break the current challenges facing open societies anywhere.
Simultaneously, initiative for serious change has always faced resistances and more so from beneficiaries of status-quo. Hence, my recommendation for evolution of democracy is also likely to be frowned upon or even dismissed. A potential change in the existing structures and processes entails not merely risks of failures but also reversing the advances achieved in this direction. It is quite logical to argue that 'every change may not lead to progress' but we must remember that almost every progress involves serious changes and carries its own risks and costs.
Evolution to Indocracy: An Improvised and Higher Democracy
We
are at a stage where democracy
as an ideal, or form of governance, can neither afford a reckless
distortion nor even stagnation. An authoritarian China's resurgence, especially in the context of highly lackadaisical governance output of democratic India, erodes both credibility and desirability of democracy as a political-governance structure and model. Nevertheless, despite all the comforts of prosperity and luxury, the Chinese model is incapable of providing a sense of security to not only masses but even large sections of its own elite. Absence of phenomenon like rule of law, free media and independent as well as efficient judiciary can potentially push anyone towards disguised slavery, deprived of basic dignity and rights.
