INDOCRACY: A FRAMEWORK OF STATECRAFT

(This is truncated version of a book that has been repeatedly destroyed)

A PROLOGUE TO ORIGINAL PIECE ON INDOCRACY

A: My Tryst With Indocracy 

   I have been explaining the concept of Indocracy from time to time. It was some-time in late 1980s when I had first conceptualised about an idea of an Indian version of more advanced democratic model of governance that could thrive in Indian context and yet address governance goals, priorities and challenges of not only India but all evolving democracies more effectively. This was the era when Marxism  dominated political discourse on most vibrant Indian University campuses. But by this time, weaknesses of Marxism as an ideology had been comprehensively exposed. Simultaneously, the Western model of representative democracy appeared increasingly incapable of meeting legitimate aspirations of people in the entire developing world. The so-called free thinkers and others appeared largely confused and so were the so-called Hindu right wingers driven by the yearnings to resurrect pre-Islamic Hindu social order whereas liberal Islamists were glorifying Mughal rule in India and hardline Islamists were peddling the idea of Islamisation of whole of Indian subcontinent. As a young impressionable mind it was at that time that I envisioned the idea of three inter dependent levels of harmony but later learned that the idea of harmony between man and nature had spoken by many others in the past. Since then, as I tried to understand the complexities of the world, I have kept refining the idea of Indocracy. I have called for transition from democracy to Indocracy in the first ever post on this blog which has analyzed flaws and follies of democracy, which has been highlighted by many academic experts more as lament without any attempt to explore any solution.   

    This piece was published in journal named Think India run by Vichar Vinyas Foundation, which was founded by late Shri D P Tripathi, a former Member of Parliament but for most of my generation he is known as very esteemed elder from JNU community, known for his intellect and oratory as one of the most popular former Presidents of the JNU Students Union. Nearly 250,000 word initial work on Indocracy, that was diligently written from a highly multidisciplinary perspective during March 2018 to September 2019 was hacked and wiped out from my computer in late 2019. I had never imagined somebody, especially an Indian, shall hate the idea of Indocracy so intensely. Some of the components of the work had survived the malicious attack and yet I could never re-develop the same passion and energy to re-write it. This piece, I have written this paper in total duration of a week or a little more and that too on insistence and repeated reminders by Kanishka. Kanishka is son of Late Shri D P Tripathi ji and a very endearing nephew or son-like figure for all JNUites of my generation.  I wish I could have given a cleaner copy to Kanishka as editing of this work could have been better. But my pre-occupation with legal battle for almost a decade has drained my energy. 

B. Resistance to Indocracy 

My experiences with a sick and perverse component of Indian judiciary and Indian bureaucracy have forced me to believe that while our political system may appear cartelised and powerful sections of bureaucracy may also be corrupted but the current incumbents of judiciary, despite many ethical incumbents among them, is simply killing and crushing the energies of this nation. It appears an institution manned by extremely arrogant, oppressive and ethically challenged incumbents who are mostly harsh towards hapless citizens. This is one lot that appears absolutely bereft of basic human empathy and integrity and yet law is helpless. Many among them manage to discover most ingenious ways to promote agenda of those forces who seek to cripple and crush optimal rise of India as state and civilisation, as part of their invisible zero-sum geopolitical chess. I am not sure how Franz Kafka may have responded or written following an encounter with current judicial and bureaucratic systems of India. 

Many Indians, who had cautioned me to avoid litigations, had confided in me that committing suicide may be a far better option than facing Indian judiciary or attempting to live in this country with integrity, patriotism and the most basic level of human dignity. Ironically the so-called largest democracy on this planet with the longest civilisational roots, under the current custodians of Indian state, appears to have robbed dignity and self-esteem of its citizens. Can a psychologically and morally weak citizenry resurrect a great state or great civilisation? 

    My integrity, idealism, patriotism and human empathy have often invited serious difficulties for me. But these very challenges have infused additional energy in me. The seeds of idealism and integrity or strong character is something that was instilled in me at a young age by mentors, elders and Gurus. Some of them deviated themselves from what they preached to me. But many among them were selfless freedom fighters and altruists or simply real-life sages. They retained their basic values till the last breadth of their life. 

I have often prided in the fact that I have managed to survive in this country with luxuries like absolute incorruptibility and total intellectual integrity. It sounds nothing less than a miracle. But many friends in Indian Police used to say it is inconsequential because Indian laws have been designed in such a way that Indian police can establish anything that they choose. And by the time Indian courts act, a life-time shall be over and multiples lives can be finished. This sounds utterly dreadful and I do not blame any individual for the same. It gives an impression that both our systems and psyche have been rigged to keep us permanently crippled as a state and society, as part of larger geopolitical agenda of some invisible force. Yet it is beauty of India and its civilisational values that most streets are relatively peaceful and there are no riots despite something as vulgar and horrendous surfacing for the first time in what we have seen at the reputed Tata Consultancy Services.

Civil service in India offers certain immunities in a way that one can survive with a degree of autonomy if one chooses societal irrelevance. Yet given the unique nature of journey of my life, my biggest tormentors have been Islamist radicals and organised criminals. I found that integrity and idealism allowed one to build a degree of understanding even with one's opponents who are at least amused and even a little indulgent towards any Indian civil servants with integrity and idealism. But Islamist radicals, especially from this subcontinent, have a closed mind. They seem to hate every non-Muslim and target almost everyone with a little or more substance. But my worst tormentors have suspected partners of these Islamists, who are corrupt and compromised Hindus, hiding within our society and state.

While Islamists have hated the very idea of any virtue or good in indigenous culture and civilisation of India, their covert Hindu partners fail to see anything good in every issue that does not financially or political benefit them. They are essentially maliciously perverse societal cancer posing the biggest threat to Indian state and civilisation. They have been subverting institutional integrity Indian democracy from within to de-institutionalise Indian state. They fail to appreciate that they are weakening India on lines of pre-Islamic era by prioritising their self-enrichment and self-empowerment at the cost of the nation and society. 

This is certain to make us severely vulnerable to threat from even ordinary forces, notwithstanding all our strengths. I am not sure if it is manifestation of a decadent psyche that had induced our slow and steady downfall as a state and civilisation almost a millennia back. But such fake Indians, in my eyes are definitely acting as invisible army of global forces who would do everything possible to obstruct optimal rise of India as a state and civilisation. I have always believed that the biggest nemesis of India has been poverty of ethic and integrity among section of Indians elite and incapacity of Indian institutions to detect and deter the same. This is direct outcome of erosion of our finest traditions and cultures of statecraft. 

  Despite all lacunae and shortfalls, this work attempts to provide an original perspective on statecraft. Kanishka's perseverance has also inspired me to re-attempt the total work on Indocracy on a stand-alone computer and bring it in public domain. I do apprehend yet another cyber-attack or physical attack or even attack on this very blog and website by same apolitical cartel hiding withing Indian bureaucracy and judiciary acting as invisible army of powerful adversaries of India.  They have seized/looted/destroyed my computer and even household goods in the past and ironically even the highest court of the nation has found ways not to listen to me and even the Indian police have refused to entertain my complaint leave aside address it. This only convinces me that we may still be a colony where real levers of state power are being controlled by forces who want us to remain largely a nation of traders, brokers and underhand dealers bereft of any self-esteem, human dignity or culture of national pride. Hence, they will crush every doer or innovator or an idea, or intellectual innovation that challenges the current status-quo by exploiting our own institutions of state. 

Ironically, we have probably the most lame-duck political opposition in history of independent India or may be entire history of democracy. It appears more like a self-seeking dynastic cartel of largely corrupt Indians who lack capacity and imagination to think good of this nation and civilisation. I can never forget the brilliance of a Harvard educated minister who grew cauliflowers in small flowerpots worth crores in Indian rupee and peddled the nonsense of "Hindu Terrorism" at suspected behest of Islamists and their patrons. Being a former practitioner and teacher of security and statecraft, I have written extensively about the various ingredients that support and sustain terrorism. Hindu corruption may have indirectly encouraged Islamic terrorism and Islamic radicalism. But there cannot be anything more absurd than giving a clean chit to Islamist terrorists and accusing the so-called Hindu groups of waging terror war against India. 

This group has appeared so desperate in recent years to grab power that it has fractured national and social cohesion of this country by deepening caste divides. One fears that they may even surrender sovereignty of this country in pursuit of power. They lack credibility in eyes of every genuine and well-informed citizen of this country and capacity to push larger institutional reforms to bolster governance and national security capacity of India. They appear the most critical component of a political ecosystem that has rigged not only integrity and resilience of our systems but even our broad national psyche to keep us perennially under-developed in comity of nations. 

C. Why Indocracy

I have written extensively on the need for an idea like Indocracy. Indian democracy, at this juncture, appears to have hit at a dead end from where it is certain to decay, decline and degenerate unless it innovates and charts out a new course. The urgency is all the more given the fact that even the most powerful democracy in the world appears to have come under control of a Kleptocratic mafia that is abusing its lethal power of state in the most reckless and brutal manner in conjunction with an ally in West Asian region who has been doing the same. They have breached the existing norms of morality that erstwhile coloniser democracies had at least pretended to uphold. This threatens to vitiate the larger global ecosystem where brutality, mass violence, genocide and large-scale destruction of lives and human habitat may become a norm. If this trend continues and exceeds a certain threshold level, certain accidents may trigger such destruction that may become irreversible for generations or may even destroy life on this planet. 

 In wake of spectacular surge of China on all parameters of national power, inability of Russia towards a  humanist and liberal political-social order and persistent threat of xenophobic hate from Islamist radicals, notwithstanding significant dilution in orthodoxy and move towards commendable liberalism by many West Asian states, the single most factor that eroded the quality of global ecosystem may be under-performance of Indian on most parameters of governance and national security alongside erosion in quality and integrity of its institutions. I feel that, notwithstanding outward facade, integrity of our systems appear to have been rigged. These seem designed to conditioning most citizens to act as self-seeking dishonest souls for sake of sheer survival and self-enrichment and self-empowerment at the cost of society. Hence, there is a strong need for an idea or framework statecraft like Indocracy. It is not my over-confidence but a well thought out assessment that incorporation of Indocracy as a practical science of statecraft has potential to alter not merely destiny of a billion and half Indians but people across a wider spectrum. We do not need to compromise or surrender our democracy for an accelerated and comprehensive material, intellectual and social advancement as a species. Optimisation of quality of institutional integrity and national power of India has potential infuse much higher level of integrity and stability to the current global order.           

D. Philosophy of Indocracy

Indocracy is a former practitioner's perspective on statecraft and not a utopia envisioned by an arm-chair dreamer. Apart from exposure to multiple ideas, this perspective is also based on a perspective acquired on the basis of transformational experiments and contributions in the realm of security, conflict resolution, governance, diplomacy and statecraft. 

Yet the very idea of Indocracy is driven by ancient Upanishadic wisdom that envisions this universe as embodiment of a unique strategic balance among different components of this cosmos that has helped sustain life on this planet. The earliest Indian sages and philosophers undertook a dialogue with cosmos to understand the eternal truth in its totality, including every possible shade. They may never have succeeded in this direction in its entirety. But this process must go on to drive human advancement and innovation to enhance the quality and trajectory of our evolution as a species. It is quest of this truth that has driven all progress and innovation and yet it can never reach a final destination.

 As we evolve as a species and race, the quality of this quest is expected to get better to contribute to quality of our collective existence. This is possible only if every individual, especially the stakeholders of society, attempt to observe their Dharma with utmost integrity. 

Dharma as envisaged in some of the ancient scriptures of India was not about religious rituals or worshipping divinities. It was about doing the right thing in every situation, rather than being distracted by material, sensual or unhealthy psychological pleasure. Even a pursuit driven by a lust for fame or glory was considered Adharma.    

Drawing from the sum-total of what appears the earliest Upanishadic philosophy, I can say that it obliges the most sagacious, the most virtuous and the most powerful to devote themselves to creation of a political and social order whereby every individual is better placed to optimise their individual capacities - physical, psychological, technical, intellectual and spiritual-  and yet acquire a superior quality of inner balance.to emerge as a superior being and soul to the best of his or her potential. A higher quality of this inner balance within individuals can help build a superior outer balance or harmony with wider society and even the whole of universe, including the forces of nature. 

    Virtually every dangerous or psychopathic criminal or such deviant who harms the larger society or even physical surroundings is known to be suffering from degrees of abnormality in his/her frontal cerebral cortex, which can be described as disruption or absence of inner balance. Yet there may also be individuals, who may be harming larger societal cohesion, tranquility and balance and thus eroding capacity of societies and states to advance optimally due to their outlook, values and experiences. They cannot be entirely blamed for absence of this inner balance. Since human beahviour or psyche or outlook depends upon a delicate balance between the neural structures that they inherit from their parents and their own individual, familial, cultural, social and otherwise exposures, it is responsibility of real sages, leaders and rulers to create a social and otherwise ambience which facilitates higher quality of inner balance. 

Viewed from this prism, Indocracy is neither about adherence to senseless rituals nor about meek submission to society or even cowardly surrender before nature. It is all about finding the right equilibrium and right balance in each and every context. It is all about appropriate use of authority and influence to create a right ambience for the same. Indocracy emphasizes on facilitation of optimal equilibrium or balance among physical, cognitive, technical, intellectual and spiritual capacity within an individual. The goals and priorities may differ for different individuals depending upon their different genetic composition, experiences, outlook or aptitude. Because, each individual is genetically, biologically, and attitudinally different from other and yet collectively they can create an order where each optimizes his or strengths to thrive as a living being.  

But individuals cannot live and evolve in isolation from the rest of the society. Hence, it is important that these individuals with differing, and at times conflicting, attributes and values are able to build right equilibrium amongst themselves. This must be a mutually empowering one where they can coexist and evolve to get better both individually and collectively.  This may not always be smooth and automatic. A degree of competition and conflict may be part of natural process that can stretch and optimize their strengths. Hence, the process of pursuing and acquiring a mutually empowering equilibrium between individuals and societies may not be smooth, unilinear or perfect. This is what defines dynamism of society where individuals and societies are expected to make the best efforts to find the right equilibrium and enhance the quality of the same. 

The quest for an optimally empowering equilibrium between individuals and society warrants not merely optimising individual energy, initiative, intellect, innovation and brilliance but devising appropriate tools, practices and institutional capacities in this direction as well as harnessing the same towards comprehensive betterment of entire society  or state. This requires unusual wisdom and a never ending process to refine such wisdom. Probably, human knowledge and academic disciplines have not reached a level to provide definitive firm answers in this direction. Hence, Indocracy does not recommend meek submission to societal norms, ethos and practices, especially for intellectuals, innovators and practitioner-leaders with wide and deep exposures. Individuals must be free to challenge -but not harm- the society in quest of a superior equilibrium. 

A degree of dissidence has always provided the sturdiest foundation for progressive evolution of a society and state. But Indocracy strictly bars any license for individual assault on society especially over a self-seeking individual or group agenda.  Indocracy strictly opposes xenophobic hate or identity driven wars and recommends cost-effective and high impact strategies in this direction at minimal human and material costs. 

It only recommends intellectually enlightened, morally altruistic and spiritually ethical initiatives to evolve society or human existence to a higher stage through assault on existing ideas, values, norms and practices. It recommends use force for defence and protection of the larger values of humanism and cultural identity. Individual brilliance, intellect, innovation and energy, instead of disrupting societal progress and evolution must contribute to societal, economic and intellectual vibrance and dynamism more through dialogue and persuasion and less through coercion and force. Enlightened and ethical dissidence - driven by dharma and not self-interest- have always provided the sturdies bedrock for human innovation and advancement. This is hallmark of a great society. What is important that abuse for such space is not permitted for self-seeking malicious and perverse elements driven by a selfish agenda. 

The final component of Indocracy is the harmony between man and nature. My original work of 2018-19 had gone in deeper details to explain this aspect and this has been mentioned in some detail even in the main write up. Indocracy does not recommend surrender to forces of nature. It calls for taming the nature with knowledge, wisdom and expertise only to the required to degree and level with the larger purpose of establishing a mutually empowering equilibrium between man and nature. Man has to respect certain redlines in dealing with nature as breaching the same shall invite the fury and vengeance in a manner that can annihilate any state and civilisation or component of humanity. On the other hand, untamed Nature in its hostile form wouldn't let life thrive even though it is beingness and bountifulness of nature that sustains life on this planet. 

The original research on Indocracy had gone in great detail to explain ways to forming an empowering equilibrium with nature while respecting red lines. For example, certain amount of land can sustain only a certain volume of population. Similarly, geography and terrain - like coastal, plain, desert, mountainous or forest areas -  not merely influence food, dress and life habits but warrant regulation of entire lifestyle accordingly for optimisation of its quality. The geography too must not be drastically altered to protect ecological stability, whose disturbance can threaten the very life forms in an area. 

These three broad levels of harmony have not been perceived as isolated and compartmentalized ideas. These are indivisible and interdependent. What lays at the core of Indocracy is pursuit of deeper knowledge and wisdom with innovation, integrity and altruism towards not only fellow humans but the whole of universe. 

Indocratic Statecraft is all about creating, protecting, nurturing, guarding a societal-political and economic ambience that encourages such wisdom and innovation that can drive comprehensive and sustained advancement of life at the widest possible level. Three inter dependent levels of harmony identified above are critical for this purpose. Unlike societal, cultural and religious movement, statecraft is a deeper and all-encompassing science that deals with right exercise of authority, alongside other subtle instruments of persuasion to pursue the optimal balance among individuals, communities, societies, states and civilisations and eventually this universe. It must drive not only other ideas and innovations- through direct and indirect means- in the realm of society, science and culture but must also get enriched also in the process.     

E. Despite Constraints of Morality of  Statecraft, Indocracy is Unique

When states deals with issues like security and governance, it cannot act always afford to act with rigidity of written law rules or norms. A degree of deception, stealth, surprise or even an element of cruelty or brutality may appear unavoidable. Yet the underlying philosophy has to be driven by a larger strategic integrity and altruism, envisaging greater good of the largest possible number of people. Defence of the core ideas and core territory where people have internalized the required way of life and thus possess the potential and capacity to carry forward the core principles, values, ethos and practices require greater primacy. Because, they are far more likely contribute to security and betterment of entire humanity. 

yet- unlike Chinese, Western, Islamic, Mongol, Hittite, Roman and even Greek principles of statecraft- ancient Indian science of statecraft may be only one that was driven by deeper spiritual wisdom and humanist foundation.  It envisaged exercise of state authority and harnessing of entire wisdom not only for larger good of entire humanity but the whole of universe, including all forms of living beings and this very planet that supports life. With advancement of knowledge, the quality of harmony of this planet with the rest of the cosmos too can be enhanced. 

I doubt if universal vegetarianism and total absence of violence can ever be part of a sound principle of statecraft. But ancient Indian scient of statecraft was never driven by any parochialism, hate or exploitative subjugation of people of any racial or cultural identity.  It remained in a uniquely distinct class of its own due to its focus on universal humanism, empathy and integrity. But somewhere, it failed to innovate and advance with infusion of newer ideas, energies and perspective. Hence, it decayed, degenerated and got virtually obliterated from practice. 

The same civilisation that had produced great scientists, innovators, reformer and rulers turned inward looking and entitlement driven. This appears the more plausible cause for its decline and degeneration. The consequences caused great misery and pain to not only people on the Indian subcontinent but distorted the larger global ecosystem - howsoever less integrated it was at that point of time- and evolutionary journey of human race. 

In the present context, Indocracy is not about glorification of past of India or even rationalisation of poor performance of India on most parameters of governance and national security. It is not driven even remotely by the idea of supremacy of India over the rest. It is a futuristic perspective on governance that is driven by ancient Indian humanist ethos and contemporary Western, Chinese, oriental and even West Asian practices create a framework of governance and security that can optimise the quality of human existence ay the widest possible scale. 

INDOCRACY: A Framework of Statecraft 

Section-I : Statecraft 

The Science That Creates and Sustains Great States

 Great states and great societies derive their strength from their ability to throw up powerful ideas and powerful leaders with greater regularity. This does not happen by chance. It needs careful investments to nurture an entire ecosystem for this purpose, which should consist of scientific edifice of institutions and corresponding social, political and strategic ethos, values and practices. 

2.    Vigour and resilience of such an ecosystem emanate from the quality of equilibrium that these institutions and values forge with each other as well as the larger external environment. Higher the quality of this equilibrium, where individuals and institutions and their underlying values, ethos and practices empower each other, stretching their respective capacities and strengths, greater is the possibility of comprehensive and sustained advancement of societies and states. 

 3. Pursuit and practice of such deeper wisdom through concrete instruments and practices, that become increasingly superior over time, can be described as science of statecraft. This is an all-encompassing and overarching set of scientific principles and practices of governance of all facets of society and state that seek to optimise strengths of both state and society with an optimal synergy between the two. Occupation of a territory or sheer subjugation of a society through force is no statecraft. It erodes not merely long-term strengths of society but also eventually weakens security of political system and advancement of an entire civilisation, by crippling vigour, vitality and resilience of its people. 

4. Statecraft is also not about wishful thinking, unachievable ideals or subjective assessment of internal and external situations and deployment of deficient instruments to address goals, challenges and priorities. It needs far more realistic assessment of not only existing internal and external contexts but also realistic assessment and anticipation of evolving and futuristic situations. It calls for determination of concrete and achievable goals in every context and deployment of pragmatic and effective instruments to successfully pursue these. There can be no universal prescription in statecraft even if the larger objectives remain common. 

5. There have been huge variations in what has been practiced as statecraft by major states in different contexts. Each may attribute superiority to their own principles and practices but proof of the same lay in the impact of these on plight of their people and wider course of evolutionary journey of human race. 

6. Science of statecraft has to be dynamic and must evolve with time. Minor setbacks are part of the process of evolution. But big failures are simply unaffordable and unabsorbable in this realm for any major power. Decline and disintegration of a major power impacts not only its own people but that of so many smaller states and societies, whose security and wellbeing depends upon such large state. But a great state and a great civilisation with robust principles of statecraft can never be annihilated, decimated or colonised by any external force and yet it would enhance quality of human existence beyond national frontiers and geographical barriers. This is especially if it invests in sustaining and evolving the science of statecraft with right institutional infrastructure and conducive ecosystem. 

7. Indocracy has been envisioned as the highest form of statecraft by fusing the wisest principles of governance of society and state- including warfare, geopolitics and diplomacy- that were once practiced in whole of Indo Asia at one level and the scientific advances in wisdom in this realm in the Western democratic world over the past few centuries. It envisions generation of a wider ecosystem where powerful ideas as well as high quality doers, leaders and innovators germinate and thrive. The entire process should help reshape values, ethos and ambience within states and societies by creating effective and sustainable institutional structures and processes in each context that can continuously optimise energies, capacities and output of individuals, societies and states and quality of synergy among them. 

8. State craft in India was described as “Raj Dharma” or the obligation of the sovereign. Though our history too has distorted and there may be lot of misgivings about the roots of this concept. Yet it appears that under overarching protection, support and encouragement provided by “Raj Dharma”, all other “Dharmas” or legitimate pursuits, ventures and obligations of people- that empowered individual and society in conjunction with nature or cosmos- thrived. There is reference of this science in various ancient Indian texts, but more scientifically in Kautilyan Arthashastra as a science of statecraft. Though India as a state and civilisation has faced enormous degeneration from pinnacle of material and intellectual advancement in its context, and yet has demonstrated exceptional resilience probably due to strength of some of its values. Yet it should be no consolation and erosion of wisdom of this science and its practice is an unmistakable reality. 

9. Today, there is much greater need to study, examine and evaluate the factors, or failures in its statecraft, that brought about its decay and downfall and attempt resurrection of this science with a more contemporary, scientific and futuristic orientation. A mere assertion of its glorious past of India and efforts to reinforce symbolic social and cultural rituals, alongside tactical management of day to day affairs of state may not be able to resurrect those extraordinary principles and practices of statecraft that had scripted its exceptional rise of India as a state and civilisation in a certain era. Though whole of Indian subcontinent or Indo-Asia may never have followed uniform principles of statecraft on continuous basis as there were vast expanses of lands and people who had stayed outside the realm of civilisation, yet the dominant practices of state and society represented the most humanist shade of statecraft in its context. This is what explains sustained all round rise expanding its cultural and civilisational footprint way beyond this subcontinent. The resultant rise in social tranquillity, social trust and scientific temper had driven technological and economic advancement in whole of Indo-Asia. While India needs to resurrect those essentially humanist goals of statecraft and yet explore effective and scientific instruments that are likely be more effective in the current context. 

 A dynamic Science That Must Evolve With Time 

10. Nothing has ever been perfect in this universe. And nothing is likely to become so even in future. Yet there is a unique symphony like harmony among different components of nature that sustains life and drives progress on this planet. The quality of this symphony and its internal harmony have limitless potentials to get better with careful investment of sagacious ideas. The same applies to the principles and practices of statecraft. Nothing perfect has ever existed and nothing perfect may emerge even in the future and yet huge progress can be achieved. A degree of setbacks, failures, challenges, conflicts and even turmoil are bedrock for innovation and advancement. These are opportunities as long these remain short of catastrophic disasters. And a strong science of statecraft can always avert disasters or mitigate their impact. All great societies and states have evolved and advanced by negotiating through increasingly higher quality of challenges as well as opportunities in their evolutionary journey. The quality of their progress and evolution has been directly proportional to the quality of space that they create for excellence, innovation, collaboration and competition for their members. Where efforts and initiatives of people increasingly get better and yet optimally supplement each other to the highest possible extent in each context. A momentum in this process shall enhance the quality of evolutionary journey of a society and state. This is likely to push quality of evolutionary journey of other societies and people also who come in its contact. 

11. Comprehensive and sustained advancement of states, societies civilisations require much deeper wisdom, planning and coordination. A closer examination of some of the greatest civilisations of the past or evolution of the idea and instruments of democracy in the west, rise and fall of communism among Soviet block of nations following their stagnation and degeneration, and challenges faced by most democracies amidst resurgence of China, suggest that vibrant societies and robust states need a higher degree of internal cohesion, trust and culture of collaboration. Yet they also need a culture of fairer and regulated competition, alongside enlightened dissidence. This has been the bedrock of all innovations. In absence of high degree of social trust and cohesion, alongside a relatively equitable access to opportunities for a larger number of people in each context, a culture of fairer competition is simply neither possible nor sustainable. Similarly, a healthy internal equilibrium within states and societies requires a conducive external environment as well. The latter is something that great states do not always inherit or receive on their own. Hence the highest principles of statecraft warrant not merely effective management of external environment but strategic shaping and reshaping of the same to foster a sustainable and mutually empowering equilibrium between the home state and external environment. 

12. War is the ultimate and the last instrument in this direction but the same may not always be effective and it is never sufficient. While war in itself is a massive and complex science with multiple dimensions and shades, where, at times, any major folly or failure can generate catastrophic disasters that generations cannot undo. Yet there are multiple other instruments short of war that can be effective on their own or need to be deployed alongside war.

13. Objective of war cannot be a sports like victory for fun. A victory in war that fails in influencing and shaping the larger external ecosystem, or deterring or denting a threat, or consumes energies of a state beyond a sustainable level, may generate consequences that may not be too different from defeat. 

Need for deep Wisdom & Unusual Integrity 

14. While accidental convergence of great leaders and great ideas have also triggered developments in the past that have built their own momentum, it always takes extra ordinary vision, sagacity and perseverance, at least on part of a few, to sow seeds whose fruition propels and sustains ascendance of states and societies. Managing, influencing, shaping behaviour and situations at a wide and extensive levels calls for fusion of available deeper wisdom in all dimensions of human endeavours, besides the highest possible levels of integrity, commitment and psychological strength. Hence, Statecraft has always been a secret science of practitioners. Its details are neither sufficiently known in the public nor can be fathomed by non-practitioners. It is difficult to visualise challenges, constraints and opportunities in this sphere unless one has been deeply involved in the same at least to some degree in any context. Theoretical knowledge is insufficient for an effective practice of this science even though wide academic and intellectual exposures are critical for comprehending its fundamentals. But this science evolves more through practices. Real situations and the world itself are laboratories for testing, refining and perfecting ideas in its realm. 

 15. Statecraft is not only about what to do but it also about what not to do or when and how to do certain things to pursue its wider goals. It is way beyond governance and administration by rules and laws, which require higher level of consistency and minimal deviation. In the realm of statecraft, at times it may be more desirable to let natural dynamics of events take their own course but in multiple others, state intervention requires deeper calibration and subtle preparatory measures to enhance both the efficacy and acceptability of the same. Similar challenges may be there on choice of instruments of intervention. 

16. Wisdom accumulated over generations play extremely important role in progressive evolution of this science. But pre-existing principles and experiences may only be a broad reference point and not necessarily the key to solving complex challenges, most of which may be unique in multiple ways despite sharing similarities with others. Hence, the best assets of this science are leaders who have evolved through rigorous practice in multiple facets of statecraft to acquire a deeper wisdom and yet retain an open mind. The practitioners of statecraft need a neural circuitry and psychological conditioning that has to be different from the normal citizens. This must enable them assess and anticipate unexpected and even difficult situations and yet deal with these with utmost dispassion, perceptivity, integrity and courage. 

17. Hence, great states must select practitioners of statecraft through a much more rigorous process and make them undergo sustained conditioning. Capacities and wisdom in this direction get refined only with deeper and wider exposure to challenging ventures, including minor failures and bigger success. Further, unless one is prepared to risk one’s everything, including their lives, one can never delve deep in this science. Most states, including great powers, have never practiced this science in its purest form throughout their history. Many great powers have degenerated and decayed due to their inability to evolve this science with passage of time. It needs continuity and evolution. Stagnation more often leads to degeneration. Errors, lapses, miscalculation and collateral damages, are part of the process of evolution. But if these exceed a certain threshold level, not only degeneration and decay but even collapse of great powers become unavoidable. 

 State-Society Synergy

18. Security, including warfare, and governance, of both state and society, have always shared a symbiotic relationship with each other. A delicate equilibrium between the two is always dynamic. A setback, decay and degeneration in either sphere is certain to invite setback or degeneration in the other spheres as well. Similarly, excellence and innovation in one sphere have potential to drive the capacity in the other sphere as well. The details in this direction may vary, depending upon wider internal and external realities, but the underlying principle remains eternal. 

19. Most major technological innovations of 20th century first surfaced in military domain and yet it helped transform societies, improving plight of people. From nuclear energy to maritime capacities to advances in space and rocket science to super computers and quantum computing or semiconductors and artificial intelligence to virtually every major innovation has dual use. Integration of military, economics and technology has never appeared as obvious as in the current era. Stronger military capacity of the United States throughout 20th century has been sustained by its unparalleled economic, technological, industrial and innovation prowess. Somewhat comparable was the strength of United Kingdom in pre-second world war era. Soviet Russia emerged a military power in following second world war largely on strength of its industrial and economic prowess. But economic and technological stagnation, on account of governance constraints, made its military power unsustainable. 

20. During current era, China has integrated its economic, military, technological and governance prowess to an extent that notwithstanding all the accumulated advantages of the United States, it has emerged as a credible rival posing serious threat to the latter. For example, China has surpassed the United States in the total number of naval vessels in the sea. A spectacular increase in the civilian ship building capacity of China has sustained and accelerated its ability to manufacture and innovate in the realm of Naval Vessels. China’s rise in civilian shipbuilding industry has been driven by exceptional surge in Chinese domination of the global trade and commerce where China has emerged as the largest manufacturer and seller of goods and buyer of commodities. Massive surplus generated by Chinese commerce helps in investment in R&D pushing the frontiers of technological innovation, which helps drive innovation and capacity in both civilian and defence manufacturing capacities. 

21. Chia’s success in this direction emanates purely from its governance and institutional reforms driven by deeper wisdom. The details in this direction are far too complex, requiring more in-depth deliberations, yet it would be sufficed to conclude that the Chinese model of statecraft may not be perfect but that this point of time it has achieved far higher levels of success in transforming overall strengths of its state and society than any other model. Optimisation of strength of society for a strong state is so important that all contemporary theories of national security from 20th century onwards have been emphasising upon quality of human resource as the foundation of national security. We do not know with certainty if advancement of technology and large-scale introduction of AI can replace most of the human work force irrelevant. But till now major powers have prioritised physical and psychological health of citizenry along with focus on cognitive capacities and technical skills as long-term strategic ingredients for optimising all round economic, military, technological and institutional power of a state. A healthy, skilled and ethical workforce is critical for optimising tangible and intangible strengths of a state. 

22. But in absence of societal cohesion, and overall security of society, advancement of wisdom in governance of state and society, collective capacities of the work force cannot be harnessed towards optimising national security. Simultaneously, in absence of conducive societal ecosystem, coercive capacities may be insufficient to ensure effective pursuit goals of both governance and security. Whether these are in the sphere of health and education of citizenry, social trust and social cohesion, including containment of crime, integrity of societal and state institutions or curb on corruption, generation of gainful employment or even optimal security of society as a whole. Hence, sagacity of statecraft warrants deeper and yet tactful regulation of society through various direct and indirect means, involving both open and discreet collaboration with the relevant stakeholders. 

23. While military prowess is simply not sustainable in absence of strong economic, industrial and technological capacity and a wider culture of innovation, standalone military victories are proof of sound principles of statecraft. Similarly, routine governance of economy and society, even if these have led to spectacular prosperity and optimal social cohesion are no guarantor of security of a state and society. Many advanced and prosperous states have perished by overlooking existing and impending internal contradictions or external geopolitical, security and strategic challenges, threats and even opportunities. Similarly, many robust military powers have landed up depleting, disintegrating and eventually decimating their own societies and people. On the other hand, many prosperous states and civilisations have periled by neglecting the science of security and warfare. There can be no better example in this direction than that of pre-Islamic India that neglected innovation in its war-waging capacities and geopolitical foresight. Though there are multiple other examples, but Indians need to dispassionately introspect that why a formidable civilisation and a string of robust states on the subcontinent succumbed to marauding bands of raiders, invaders and plunderers. The latter may have been adept in the art and science of regular and irregular or guerrilla warfare through stealth, deception and access to few technological innovations. But that is no justification for what we faced. 

24. As a major force or great civilisation, India needed strong geopolitical heft to influence course of events way beyond its frontiers and prevent wars approach its territory. A great power can neither afford  an inward-looking approach nor can it afford to be consumed by challenges of internal security and stability. While wars are important for security, sustenance and progress of any great state and civilisation, in absence of right synergy among different components of statecraft, over emphasis on war wreaks havoc for all concerned. History has witnessed many powerful states with strong military capacities destroying not only their rivals but also friends and allies, before eventually depleting their economic, societal and intellectual capacities below the threshold level of sustainability. The most warring states or valorous people from ancient Spartans to medieval Mongols, could never leave behind a healthy and prosperous state or civilization. Despite spectacular military victories, in multiple wars that were often too brutal and violent in their context, there is very little in terms of cultural and civilizational heritage. 

Winning Wars: An Integral Component of Statecraft 

25. Military defeats and external occupation substantially change course of history and decimate societies and states comprehensively. This profoundly alters evolutionary trajectory and even direction of states, societies and civilisations. Many civilisational states have lost even their identity and experienced serious alteration in values and ethos, that had kept them together over time, as a consequence of major military defeat. Big military defeat alters strategic culture of state where states lose its sense of self belief and society experiences broader change in larger behavioural pattern of people. People in general lose faith in ability and credibility of their leaders and their systems both and their larger self- esteem. 

26. Though we do not have adequate scientific data, but it would be clear that the phenomenon of, what psychologists describe, neuroplasticity must be inducing long-term anatomical changes over generations in DNA of people of vanquished states and societies to create a substantially defensive and somewhat defeatist or survivalist psyche, where larger culture of individual integrity may become increasingly, but not universally, unsustainable. Alternatively, a strong leadership if it succeeds, can reverse the course of events quite significantly. War also has a strong unifying impact at least on substantial sections of society. It is also an opportunity to bring the best out of people of a major state and society, if it escaped total annihilation and decimation. This proposition is profoundly perceptible if we analyse course of history of major civilisations. Detailed examples are being avoided for sake of focus. 

27. I have articulated principles and theories of war on quite a few occasions both in my talks and papers some of which are in public domain over the last 7-8 years. A major military debacle is symptom of a much larger underlying problem with the principles and strategies of statecraft including warfare. Hence, a minor setback suffered in war should be treated as a feedback and opportunity to fix larger issues. A strong scientific culture of statecraft shall always lead to avoidance of avoidable wars and when wars become inevitable then victory in wars at sustainable human and material costs. In fact, greater advancements in science of statecraft shall always provide to opportunity to decide, initiate and wins war at one’s own choice in most situations. While conventional and spectacular full-scale military wars invite all round disasters, a smart major power is expected to retain capacity to anticipate and assess impending disasters and deal with the same at minimal human material costs. 

28. I have identified and articulated five principles of war: 

(i) There must be clear tangible objective that a victory in war must help achieve; 

(ii) A war should be short, swift and decisive (It implies that there has to be extensive and smart military and intelligence preparations to ensure early victory in war so that there is minimal disruption in life and larger all-round progression of state and society) 

(iii) A military war must always be fought on foreign territory; (the very fact that an adversary has succeeded in bringing the war on home state, it reflects failure of statecraft, including governance, strategy and intelligence; A war on home territory of state invites large scale damages of civilian and even military infrastructure that often can never be undone) 

(iv) A war must be won at such material and human costs that must be sustainable for the state waging the war; (a poorly fought war, where victories are secured at exorbitant and unsustainable costs, may also lead to consequences that may not be too different from defeat); and 

(v) A war must foster cohesion of the home state and should push further economic, military and technological innovations and advancements.

29. Hence, the science of statecraft has to focus on building not only the finest possible strategies and capacities of warfare but also ways and means to avoid, to the highest possible extent, catastrophic wars that can potentially deplete the state. Wars and conflicts shall never ever become completely avoidable because neither the world nor the human nature is designed for the same. At times wars have to be fought and a smart state has to stay prepared to fight all kinds of wars that are possible and likely. The key is to fight these wars at minimal and sustainable costs and consistently build finest possible capacities and strategies in this direction in course of routine governance. Simultaneously, it is equally important to anticipate different shades of warfare that are plausible at a given time and context and staying prepared with finest strategies and capacities as per right priorities. A sound principle of statecraft enables fusion of such war winning capacities with larger principles and practices of regulation and governance of state and society. But can this capacity of war winning be acquired and gradually refined by simply academic reading or journalist commentaries? 

30. While there is no justification for war, a great state must regularly fight low cost and high-impact smaller wars—for greater good of larger number of people. This is the biggest laboratory for practical experiment of powerful ideas, strategies and instruments in the direction of war winning. These, in the context of states and societies, require continuity and evolution over generations. An impregnable defence for the core of the state and its key institutions is critical for the same. Similarly, far more effort, integrity and commitment is required to protect and refine this science of statecraft and warfare. A smarter science of statecraft pursues optimal fusion, with detailed complexities, in the science of governance and warfare where capacities in each sphere bolsters capacities in the other domain. 

31. In recent decades, nuclear deterrence has significantly minimised, but not eradicated, incidences of large-scale conventional warfare. But the same period has witnessed a sharp rise in incidence of irregular and sub conventional grey zone wars or proxy wars or even subversion where a state uses secrecy, deception, stealth and corruption—either on its own of through its clandestine or known affiliates- to take over key institution of an adversary. It cripples and neuters not only overall economic development and technological innovation but also key advancement in critical areas. My concept paper on irregular warfare—though lacks any details or secret information—has been read by thousands of experts globally. This only reinforces the belief that nature of whole dimension of warfare has been evolving. It’s description can no longer be restricted to what is traditionally known. The desired objectives of warfare can be achieved by secret and non-military instruments whose details and practices can again more discreet, subtle and difficult to detect. Ironically in this form of warfare, key institutions and their incumbents can be deployed to harm security and all-round advancement of any state. Open societies are particularly more vulnerable to this. This form of warfare has particularly targeted high end scientists, top military and security leaders and innovators, potential statesmen or existing and potential leaders and innovators in sphere of security and warfare. 

32. A larger ecosystem of corruption and poor integrity of institutions, especially the criminal justice system, in a state provides perfect ecosystem for external forces to wage this form of warfare. Ironically not only states but even none-state entities are involved in subversion that has a war-like consequences in the long run. At times principal perpetrators of such subversive warfare like activities in certain sectors or certain contexts are not external forces but domestic entities. Hence, integrity and dynamism of domestic institutions of governance becomes critical for defensive dimension of this warfare. But in absence of commitment of key stakeholders of society to foster integrity of domestic institutions alongside suitable and sustainable capacities to shape external ecosystem, it is simply not possible to fight this war effectively. 

Great States and Great Civilisations Must Expand

33. From the above flows another logical conclusion. A great power with robust science of statecraft has to continuously expand. This need not necessarily be in the form of territorial expansion. Cultural and civilisational expansion also creates a ring of protection, notwithstanding minor and occasional differences, for the core state. We may never know if this was the reason that India after Mauryan empire never focused on territorial expansion with uniform laws and consistent enforcement capacities. From later era of Gupta rule, Indian subcontinent witnessed virtual total renunciation of civil service and adoption of what later evolved into “Mansabdari” system. 

34. This is the era, that apparently enjoyed exceptional prosperity and all round scientific and cultural advancement. Did the process of decline in the practice of India’s robust science of statecraft commence from there? Otherwise India’s cultural footprint of India from whole of South East Asia as visible in temples of Angkorwat to profound Hindu-Buddhist influence in Thailand and Ramayan, Ganesha and Buddhist lineage of Indonesia to Buddhist and Yogic influence in Japan to even Hindu Buddhist influence in large parts of even Central West Asia preceded this era. This would have been impossible without practice of an outward looking science of state craft that could rise only on the strength of sound domestic governance apparatus at home. We find strong glimpses of the same in Kautilyan works that have got translated from beginning of 20th Century. 

35. But global expansion of great powers does not necessarily lead to entirely positive influence in all contexts. Over the last few centuries, Europeans powers have spread all over the world. They have used a host of instruments varying from trade, deception and subversive guerrilla warfare to colonise and plunder rest of the world. They exploited gaps in the local systems and institutions to vanquish most of Asia and Africa, barring China and Japan. Colonial wealth drove not merely exceptional prosperity but also high-end technological innovations. It is debatable whether internal social reform movements that improved the quality societal space within their respective territories had much positive changes in their colonial and exploitative outlook towards rest of the world. Despite all internal fights among major Western powers until second world war, the current domination of the United States led Western powers in economic, technological and intellectual realms is a reality. It may be debated whether they attained greatness by venturing out or their ventures to colonise rest of the world and occupy two vast continents brought about their great power status. Even if China and other powers may challenge the West in future, the collective all-round domination or superiority of the Western powers is manifest in a delicate balance between strength of their internal system and external expansion. 

36. On the other hand, China, that claims itself to be the longest continuous civilisational state, got unified—sans Tibet, Xin Jiang, Inner Mongolia and Manchuria—under Chin or Qin ruler Qin Shi Huang some time in 221BC, almost a century after great Chandragupta Maurya and Kautilyan era. This was hundreds of years later than the Mahajanpada era on the Indian subcontinent. China has been steadily expanding since then in terms of territory, notwithstanding some phases of setbacks and fragmentation in between. Barring a brief era, China has never been colonised by external forces, notwithstanding the hype built by Chinese leaders from Mao to Xi Jinping over unequal treaties imposed by the West for almost a Century from middle of 19th of Century. 

37. It appears that China has managed to build, preserve and refine a robust science of statecraft, by its uniquely elitist culture. It has fostered integrity and excellence at least in a section of its civil service and military, notwithstanding intermittent phases of decay and degeneration that have always been followed by regeneration. One wonder if strength of China’s strong culture of statecraft is manifest in its intermittent involvement in low-cost conflicts and yet steady expansion and sinicization of territories and people it has steadily acquired. Apart from multiple other strengths in principles of warfare to governance of societies and various shades of philosophies including Taoism, Confucianism and legalism etc, China has the oldest continuing tradition of civil service that has its own share of imperfections as well. Merit based civil service of China is believed to have helped consolidation of its grip over territories that has gradually acquired and captured through a process their total absorption in Chinese identity by forcing them to shun their existing identities and practices and adopt Chinese social and behavioural practices. On the other hand, even in current era, as China is surging economically, technologically, industrially and militarily, it has expanded its global influence and enjoys profound influence on whole of Asia, Africa, parts of Europe and even South America. 

38. Chinese model of growth has virtually captured both markets and resources in whole of Asia. It has definitely brought in prosperity for sections of local elite, but the entire pursuit has been so profitable that it has generated huge surpluses that it has been funnelling towards high end and relatively low-cost tech innovations. These in turn have bolstered both its industrial and military capacities. China’s Naval superiority and its control over a string of dual use ports all over the world have enhanced its world-wide economic influence in a manner that can be quickly harnessed to transform it into military domination. Some of its advanced weapon systems, including high end precision strike hypersonic missiles to 6th, and potentially 7th, generation jets to burgeoning Naval prowess and a series of Information, Surveillance and Reconaissance (ISR) systems make it a real possibility. 

39. In recent history, there may not be any parallel where an emergent power has invested such complex, detailed and integrated means to bolster its all round institutional capacities at home and expand its global economic, technological and military influence abroad. China has upgraded its enforcement capacities at home to not merely all-round transformation of its cities, states and population over the shortest possible time but also alter behavioural patterns of people to make these more disciplined and civil to foster greater social trust and cohesion. Its introduction of social credit systems by observance of behaviour through a rigorous mechanism of surveillance is a novelty. While this is going to make people more disciplined at home, it has exported such regimes to its friendly regimes in such resource pockets over whose markets and commodities it enjoys nearly monopolistic access. 

40. A lot of details are already available about Chinese accomplishments in high-end technological breakthroughs and their deployment in both military and civilian industrial spheres. Specific details are being avoided in this direction but at this pace American or Western military and industrial domination of the world is no longer a reality. While emergence of China as a suitable countervailing force to US hegemony must help overall security quotient of the world but there is an apprehension that this may not necessarily be so. What is worrying that given the societal and strategic psyche of this emergent super power may lead to virtual domination of most of Asia and Africa potential to usher in a new form of colonisation of the rest of the world. A degree of relative sclerosis in Western governance systems and capacities at one level and extremely sub-optimal all-round rise of India is likely to further offer a bigger space for China’s unrestrained expansion. 

                                    Section-II 

INDIA: Need to Move Towards Indocracy 

41. India has been a wonder once upon a time and it continues to remain one even now. Though neither us nor world may be aware of our roots and entire evolutionary journey as a civilisation and state but it has been marvelled even now for exceptional all-round advancement that it had attained way back in ancient past in economics, agriculture, commerce, science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, art, architecture, town planning, warfare and governance etc in an era when substantial component of humanity was still grappling with challenges of survival from forces of nature and urge for domination, subjugation and enslavement of other races. Even rulers had no discretionary powers as per ancient texts like Kautilyan Arthashastra, which was seeking to only resurrect some of the core principles and values of ancient texts. Each of their actions were to be driven by the highest quality of wisdom and integrity as advised by Council of Ministers. Ruler was only allowed to express his or her opinion but its merit was to be deliberated upon dispassionately and views of Council Ministers were mandatory and not advisory (V R Ramachandra Dikshitar; The Mauryan Polity; University of Madras, 1932 Pages 115-119, P-134). No other state and civilisation may have developed and practiced such levels of scientifically humanist shade of statecraft in its context. This is what explains profound  strength of India’s science of statecraft which manifested itself in the form of strong civilisational and cultural footprint in whole of Asia, especially South East Asia.

 42. India’s sustenance as a distinct and yet a substantially humanist civilisation and a democratic state, despite centuries of external occupation, brutally xenophobic assaults and colonial plunder, demonstrates its enormous resilience, strengths and potentials. As a society, state and civilisation we have faced formidable distortions, degenerations, injuries and constraints amidst multiple efforts to resurrect its soul. Yet there is no parallel in human history of any state with such humongous diversity, constraints and challenges sustaining an open and competitive political system and yet doing fairly well despite visibly dysfunctional governance systems and multiple institutional contradictions. Yet India’s limitless potentials and capacities appear remain trapped under weight of these formidable challenges and constraints. But there is still belief in sections of Indians and non-Indians that India’s eternal civilisational values still hold limitless potential to influence and shape the world for collective betterment of entire humanity by actions and not words, provided India is able to transform its society and state both. 

43. However, India’s ability to shape the larger global order in the same way as China or the West is beyond the realm of possibility in the foreseeable future. India has substantially lost the race for potential super power status, in traditional sense, over the past five decades. This is largely due to absence of commensurate innovations and initiatives in direction of comprehensive optimisation of all its potentials and capacities through a scientific framework of statecraft. This is despite the fact that India in 2025 is much stronger than what it had been in 2000 or 1975 or 1950 on most parameters of governance and national power- including economic, military, technological capacities and national cohesion or even overall global standing. 

44. What happens in future, no one can predict with certainty, yet genuine statesmen and high-quality practitioners can still influence and shape the course of further evolutionary journey of India both as a state and civilisation. However, Indian state and society have to explore and attempt something far bigger than tactical nor piecemeal or standalone modifications in any specific realm or sphere of governance and security. There has to be a scientific and sincere attempt to aggregate, coordinate and fuse all relevant wisdom and institutions to create a model of governance and security that are driven by the highest principles of India’s ancient statecraft, with its eternally humanist goals, and yet backed up with most scientific instruments, including the institutional structures, practices and processes that can optimise the goals and quality of statecraft in our current context. 

45. In course of my multiple lectures on “Indocracy”, and few write ups in public domain, I have spelled out pursuit of restructuring of institutions, modification in processes and all-round conditions for optimisation of three interdependent levels of mutually empowering harmony as the eternal goals of this model of statecraft. These include:     

(i) Optimisation of Harmony within individual; viz., optimisation of physical, cognitive and psychological capacities, as well as technical, professional, social and spiritual strengths with a sustainable among all; 

(ii) Optimisation of Harmony between individual and society at one level and society and state on the other; and

(iii) Optimisation of Harmony Between Man and Nature 

46. From the above three principles, flow all the pursuits of finest principles of statecraft. Humans have advanced from barbaric apes to congenial creatures by building trust at a larger level to innovate families, communities and societies and innovated states and yet forged collaboration even among states for betterment of human lives at a wider scale. While the process has not been unilinear and smooth, any further advancement in this direction shall be possible by building genuine conditions that foster trust, collaboration and competition. In pursuit of these, the proposed vision of Indian statecraft or Indocracy envisions substantial transformation of social, political, economic and intellectual soil India and beyond where every individual is able to optimise the quality of physical, cognitive, psychological, technical capacities, social and spiritual capacities. This will bolster not only quality of his or her existence but also his or her ability to contribute to family, community and society. Simultaneously, in absence of conducive familial, social and community environment that is free from negativity and yet helps access to certain threshold level needs, no individual can optimally evolve, thrive and contribute to society. 

47. While it is easier to say but huge innovations are required to generate a mutually empowering synergy between individual and society where both empower each other. We have discussed state and society energy earlier and compared to the Western capitalist model that subscribes to minimal interference of state in society, Indocracy envisions neither under regulation nor over-regulation. The finer details of state society equilibrium has to vary in each context as per time and details need scientific innovations. 

48. Similarly, man-nature harmony and climate peace is being spoken but probably without larger cohesion among human race and wider environment of trust and empathy, probably substantial progress is not possible. Indians have a tendency to dismiss man-nature harmony by stating that they have been following this for ages. Harmony with nature does not mean rituals and worship of nature. It rather implies an equation with nature where neither submits to vagaries of nature nor defiles and damages nature. There has to be pursuit of more scientific wisdom and sincere effort to identify and respect the boundaries of interference with nature. None of the three levels of harmonies can be pursued in isolation with each other and very attempt to pursue these levels of harmonies is going to drive all advancements in civility of human race. State, governance and military prowess is required only as an effective vehicle for pursuit of these goals. 

Specific Goals and Priorities of Governance

49. The following have been identified as concrete issues as part of pursuit of the identified vision of Indocracy: 

     (i) Optimising health, education and technical skills of citizenry and harnessing the same for comprehensive empowerment of state and society; 

     (ii) Optimising Integrity and Efficiency of Executive, Legislature and Judiciary; 

    (iii) Effective Management of Whole Range of Security and Geopolitical Issues; (iv) Technological Innovations; 

 (v) Greater Alignment of Economic Enterprise With Comprehensive Economic Advancement; 

(vi) Curb and Containment of Corruption; and (vii) A Comprehensive Transformation 

Health, Education and Skills of citizenry

50. India has probably the toughest challenge on this planet in terms of building the quality of its human resource. While a gainfully employed healthy population can be boon but a large unhealthy, unskilled and unemployed population is the biggest vulnerability of nation. India ranks at 130 out of 193 countries on Human Development Index parameters (Human Development Report 2025 | Human Development Reports). A significant section of population faces impaired physical and cognitive capacities as the percentage of stunted growth among children has varied among 30 to 40 percent during this century. Similarly, challenges in educational infrastructure as well as learning ability are well documented. What India needs is universal access to healthcare, with focus on prevention of diseases and optimisation of quality of physical and cerebral capacities. Though India has introduced right to Education but the curricula of education must equip every child with right attributes, skills and values that create a responsible citizen out of each of them who can enrich and empower society both through their humane virtues and professional/ technical skills. Hence, it is not important that every citizen gets access to gainful employment, as per their aptitude and ability or skills, but state has to ensure that such employment contributes to overall tangible and intangible strengths of society. A serious transformation in this direction appears impossible without serious transformation in entire governance apparatus, especially at the district and village/municipal levels. 

Integrity and Efficiency of Political Systems 

51. While political systems in all democracies are facing serious crises, but the challenges faced by India appears profound and unique and yet not easily detectable. Even a suggestion of reform in this sector is likely to face tough resistance. Legislature in a healthy state is expected to obtain finest ideas from society and transform these into concrete and yet viable pieces of legislation, that may be suitable in each context, to optimise strengths of individuals, societies and states. There is a serious doubt whether legislature of India consists of people who have the optimal will, capacity and intent to pursue the same. Very often there has been a criticism that entire political space of India has been cartelised, and significantly criminalised, by self-seeking cliques and cartels who appear backed by opaque and invisible forces. Now the culture of subversion has magnified but this is the primary force that has been subverting integrity of all institutions with help of pliable incumbents in civil service and judiciary and possibly so many others from opaque and invisible world. This has crippled optimal rise of India in all spheres. 

52. There has often been a suggestion that with opaque political funding, corruption has become the lifeblood, or at least grease that moves wheels, of Indian politics. There is an increasing perception that instead of people getting the best options to elect their representatives, powerful individuals backed by powerful forces are able to extract people’s will. Hence, it is more important that India carries out an innovation in this direction. Our systems must have inbuilt instruments that prevent politicians from acting as rulers and royalty and compel them to act as representatives or servants of collective will of the people. People must get an opportunity to select the worthiest, irrespective of the identity, for the sole purpose of providing the best possible legislation. While an encyclopaedia shall also be insufficient to identify challenges in this sphere and make recommendations, following concrete moves are likely to multiply integrity and efficiency political systems manifold:  

(i) Segregate political parties who can contest elections at the centre and state and make the elections at district levels party-less; Parties contesting elections at centre must be barred from contesting elections of legislative assemblies and similarly state level parties should be barred from contesting elections for national parliament. Similarly different sets of groups or units, unaffiliated with state or national level parties should contest village/municipal/district level polls. 

(ii) Let there be not more than 3-5 recognised parties at the centre that can contest parliament elections and similarly let there be not more than 3 -4 recognised political parties that can contest polls for state assemblies; district and panchayat/municipal level elections to stay completely party-less or new groups can come up at each time but none should be recognised. 

(iii) A firm full tenure of five years, or any identified duration, should be allowed for every Govt/governing entity following an election. No Confidence Motion should allowed only specific grave offences, and not for replacement of one set of people by another, to ensure smooth governance over the full tenure and eliminate space for horse-trading that has been the biggest source of corruption and subversion; 

(iv) There should be not more than one tenure at a time for positions like Zilla Parishad Chiefs, Chief Ministers and even Prime Minister to eliminate space for monopolisation of power as there is no likelihood of dearth of talent in this direction in a country of our size; Introduction of a cooling off period of ten years for any individual who competes for the next tenure at the helm at any level; Similarly, the consecutive tenures for Ministers or equivalents can be reduced to not more than two or three; 

 (v) To ensure continued access to wisdom and experience of a Prime Minister, he or she should be automatically nominated as cross bencher in the Rajya Sabha, where he or she can express his or her opinion on issues in a bi-partisan manner; the proposed arrangement shall bring in unprecedented dignity and credibility to the highest executive position in the country, and bolster national self-esteem, where incumbents can rise above all pressure and greed to work in the best interest of the society and state. 

(vi) Similarly, following completion of a tenure as Head of a State Govt, an incumbent should be nominated to State Legislative Council in role of a senior statesperson unless he or she chooses to move to national politics/parliament or any other pursuit on his/her own volition. 

(vii) The tenure for President/Head of a political party should be restricted to one and under no condition more than two and a cooling off period of ten years may be introduced for the next stint; 

 (viii) There must be complete ban on succession of leadership either in the government or within a political party from one blood relationship to another, irrespective of merit and talent for ensuring larger credibility and integrity of systems and prevention of private ownership of national and political institutions of the country for private gains; There may be a similar cooling off period of ten years period as the most talented individuals can contribute through any position other than top as well.

 Note: The above measures are likely to eliminate space for cartelisation or private ownership or gaming of political system of the country as well as subversion of India’s political system for private enrichment/crony capitalism as well as promotion of agenda of foreign powers, by undermining integrity of institutions/rule of law or fair competition in the markets. 

(ix) Introduction of stringent criteria of experiences may be introduced for contesting elections at state assembly level and national parliament level, while elections at local level may be kept open to all without any criteria anyone; 

(x) Only those who have served at least one full tenure as member of state assembly or at top/senior most management level in a mega institution or earned an international/national level distinction in some sphere should be eligible to contest parliament level polls; and similarly only those who have served at least one tenure at local level bodies or as middle level functionary in at least state/national level entity or earned international/national/state level recognition in any sphere should be eligible to contest State Assembly polls.

 (xi) There should be a limit on maximum numbers of continuous tenures like four to five or six for membership of every legislative body at a particular level to prevent monopolisation of political space and promote free and fair competition; 

 (xii) Since the highest form of people’s representation is required at village, block and district level, there should be no eligibility on who can contest party-less polls at this level; It shall again be desirable that no candidate becomes Zila Parishad Chief during f irst tenure itself; 

(xiii) There should be total ban on political parties creating their own proxies in student politics and trade unions to protect larger social cohesion and prevent social divide on political lines; 

(xiv) Total ban on political mobilisation on lines of caste and religion and similarly all religion and caste based parties must be banned in the interest of national and social cohesion; 

(xv) Innovation beyond Westminster model where legislators get to only oversee functioning of specific ministries/departments as watchdog of people and not as administrative head of the same with right to interfere in the decisions in collusion with civil servants to subvert their integrity; 

(xvi) Drastic reduction in election costs and ban on all road shows that seek to psychologically overwhelm people; Total ban on use of any state resource for direct or indirect election campaign by any minister of the govt; 

(xvii) streamline internal structures and processes of political parties to throw up high quality ideas and bona-fide leaders; Every political party to act as a public trust whose membership and leadership roles should be duly open to worthy leaders capable of contributing to governance and not merely winning elections; 

(xviii) Ban on party hoppers changing political parties for contesting polls; and

 (xix) Freedom to all legislators to vote on the basis of their conscience and public interest, except on money bill which should be discussed at appropriate forum; 

Integrity and Output of Civil Service 

53. In absence of an effective, accountable and professional civil service in any modern state, a piece of legislation or wider rules and laws shall remain largely aspiration and wishful thinking. India may boast of some of the most talented civil servants and yet it may be one of the most unprofessional civil service. India has continued with a colonial era civil service which is designed to control a country and not facilitate its optimal progress. Indian civil service, of latte has been reeking under weight of corruption, entitlement and inefficiency. It is high time, India drastically modifies the structures of civil service at every level. While there have been many voices calling for abolition of this “relic” of British Raj but Indian civil service has its own strengths and what is required is professionalising it as per the current context and priorities by retaining some of its core strengths but infusing much higher quality of competition to infuse greater excellence and innovation. Following are some of the carefully thought-out and extensively consulted recommendations that could be the beginning point for larger reforms in this sphere: 

(i) Replacement of generalist civil service by specialist civil service because the very idea of leadership in every profession has changed in the current competitive era where deeper technical understanding of each professions/domain is critical for providing optimal quality of leadership; 

(ii) All recruitments to be based on specific requirements of a profession/job-content in each sector on the basis of aptitude, interest, commitment of an applicant in that sector; While general common contents of one common examination may be retained for recruitment to all services, simultaneously evaluation of specialist content and aptitude should also be introduced for each service; 

 (iii) (While all direct recruits to All-India and Central Services must be kept on a fast track of promotion but everyone must rise from the lowest executive level for deeper professional commitment and knowledge; Elimination of the current arrangement of para-jumping at the top as no examination and training in itself is sufficient to prepare any individual for a leadership level role without deeper exposure and experience of rising in any professional stream; 

 (iv) All professional leaders in all wings of civil service must evolve through a process of rigorous evaluation of their performance on both professional and leadership parameters; Lower level promotion may be driven on the basis of output on professional parameters but as they start evolving, the promotions must be dictated increasingly on their output as leaders but professional criteria must not be eliminated entirely; 

(v) There should be greater focus on quality of efforts and their net outcome on priority areas to make a difference in goals of governance; 

(vi) Elimination of all superfluous ranks, structures and processes that contribute very little; 

(vii) Control of governance at district level must be vested with elected representatives of the people and existing incumbents in the posts like DMs/DCs should be reasonably experienced civil servants, who can act as professional CEOs of District and act both as complementing and countervailing force against elected Head of local governments and their collective contribution in enhancement in quality of governance should be measured and reflected accordingly; 

(viii) Drastically reduce frills and invisible benefits and space for underhand dealings and pay civil servants well to create high end professional leaders out of them. 

Integrity, Efficiency and Accountability of Judiciary: 

54. No society and state can ever attain greatness if it is infested with large scale disputes and litigation. Judicial incompetence is only going to create a spiral of such disputes and litigation that may kill vigour and vitality of an entire society. Ideally in a great society and state, judiciary should be focused more on prevention, pre-emption and deterrence of crime and disputes. Judiciary is the ultimate and final bastion of state in a democratic set up where unlawful ills and wrongs, either against an individual and institution, can be remedied. While, it is impossible for judiciary to intervene and act in each instance of illegality and injustice, it is expected to deliver such exemplary judgments that must deter crime. 

55. A sluggish, incompetent and expensive judicial process is like a noose tied around neck of a society that can eventually strangle and choke a society to death. Simultaneously, there are many credible indicators that some of the global deep states and their clandestine strategic affiliates in the world of organised crime or corruption networks have drastically subverted integrity of judiciary and entire criminal justice system in many major developing nations as part of their respective agendas. There is increasing perception even in India our judicial system is neither efficient nor transparent. Besides, there is almost zero accountability of higher echelons of judiciary to any quarter of Indian society. Corruption and incompetence in judiciary has been conceded by no less than a retired Chief Justices of India. This institution too needs drastic overhaul from recruitment and orientation to instill not only wisdom of law but also values and ethos like integrity, courage and character. This is impossible in the current mechanism. Simultaneously, the judicial processes need large scale simplifications for better comprehension and clarity over matters for delivery of deterrent verdicts. 

56. If judiciary delivers high quality judgments in time to build a culture of rule of law by deterring possible offenders in any sphere, the cohesion and trust quotient in a society shall multiply manifold. In this way, Indian judiciary or cartelization of justice has appeared the single most factor that has crippled vigour, vitality and resilience of India as a state and society. Following are some of the well thought out recommendations that could be beginning points for large scale reform of this institution: 

 (i) An all-India service like recruitment for higher echelons of judiciary from High Court onwards; Potential recruits must be tested on the basis of their deep knowledge, innovative and sharp mind besides strength of character, courage and integrity; 

(ii) Similarly recruits at District and lower rungs of judiciary may be recruited by states on professional, psychological and ethical criteria; 

(iii) All recruits at every level must be subjected serious training that must transform and suitably prepare them to needs of the largest democracy of the world; 

(iv) All promotions must be based on quality and volume of judgments delivered; 

(v) Institution of Judicial Accountability Commission to prevent abuse of privileges; Any corruption in Judiciary must invite capital punishment and confiscation of all legitimately earned assets and materials; 

(vi) Suitable measures to alleviate any possibility of financial and physical insecurity of judges; and 

(vii) Simultaneous reforms in police and investigative institutions as police and judicial systems share a symbiotic association for defence and protection of rule of law.

 Security and Geopolitics 

57. While every dimension of statecraft is closely interlinked with each other, security and geopolitics are probably more integrated with each other even though the two cannot be delinked with larger capacities in all other dimension of governance and national power. In the statecraft section of this paper, certain eternal principles of warfare have been discussed, which remain relevant under all conditions. India as a state has to change its psyche that it shall fight only defensive war when it is attacked. It is reiterated that it is failure of statecraft, when a major power is attacked or provoked by a minor power. A great power must not merely appear to pursue peace but it must genuinely do so because it has much bigger stake in peace. Comprehensive advancement of its people, society and state are critically dependent upon an ambience of peace and security. Hence, at times war may become indispensable for pursuit of reshaping the larger geopolitical landscape or equations for sake of sustainable peace. 

58. A large state must continuously build capacities and stay prepared to fight offensive wars on foreign soil if the same is required for reshaping geopolitics to ensure its sustainable security. But such wars have to be fought only for winning and according to same principles as outlined earlier. Innovative approach offers big space for rejig of tactics and strategies to meet unexpected situations. But continuous shaping and reshaping of external geopolitics is a critical component of national security for a large state. While multiple technical details on military security that are available in open domain do not require deliberation in this paper, it is sufficient emphasize that we need more innovation to push complementarity among economic, technological and human resource prowess. We cannot definitely wait to gain parity with some super power and yet we cannot afford a miscalculation. The very realisation that military power is not sustainable on its own and it is often not sufficient to accomplish goals of sustainable security, should push innovation in governance and security. Hence, all shades of sustainable instruments of security are required to reinforce both defensive and offensive capacities of Indian state. Comparative military strengths of major nations have been analysed and evaluated to assess respective strengths of major powers, and Indian Govt has undertaken a series of moves to bolster military capacities, following general points (whose details are being held back) need deliberation and follow up action: 

 (i) Continuous refinement of all round military capacities by factoring in real and potential threats and challenges; 

(ii) Military should always accurately assess and anticipate real and potential threats and stay prepared for both offensive and defensive ventures through a delicate balance in its priorities; 

(iii) While a strong military is an existential necessity for India that faces two pronged threat, India’s relative constraints on economic, industrial and technological fronts, calls for much sharper manoeuvring and prioritisation in the interim, without losing focus on long term strategy and requirements; 

 (iv) Sustained multiplication military capacities through greater synergy with diplomacy and intelligence, alongside its own internal integrations to pursue a proactive strategy; 

(v) Sharper and stronger innovation to bolster indigenous R&D and manufacturing capacities to bridge the gap between hardware requirements and availability; 

(vi) Focus on building appropriate institutional capacities to win and deter irregular wars—including insurgency, terrorism, organised crime and subversion- not only on Indian soil but even beyond our borders. In this connection my paper captioned “Understanding and Tackling Irregular Wars” which must be one of the most well-read papers in this category, offers a deeper insight. For better appreciation, following is stated: 

        • It will be impossible for India to peacefully co-exist with Pakistan           in foreseeable unless the idea of Islamic radicalism is completely              decimated through tactful use of a variety of instruments at a                  sustainable and negligible costs; 

        • Terrorism is an act of war and not a law and order problem; 

         • Without organised crime and subversion of sections of Indian                    state and society, it was impossible for terrorism to sustain in this             part of the world; 

        • India needs multi-pronged super-tact driven strategy perfected by           successful practitioners and not academic polemics to ensure                  terminal decline and extinction of Military-Mulla complex in                  Pakistan and this subcontinent and beyond (Some details are                 available in the above referred papers but many are held back); 

       • Leadership of Pakistan military being a comprador entity has no             stake in long term security and peace in Pakistan; 

      • Pak military has always ensured its relevance for super powers, to            varying degrees, by its ability to act as their strategic tool in so                many murky domains as well as its so-called ability to keep India            under check; hence for more innovation may be required to                    eradicate this nuisance without depleting undue energies. 

59.  India has all the reasons to be cautious and alert on account of enhanced uncertainty and volatility in the global security environment. An unpredictable Trump has administered major geopolitical shocks. China under a super ambitious Xi Jinping is always difficult to trust. Besides India’s two largest and both nuclear armed major neighbours— Pakistan and China-have consistently threatened its sheer existence, albeit in different forms and with varying degrees of intensity, by using stealth, deception and subversion. Recent instances of regime change through street violence in three smaller Asian states, who have been more like outposts of national security of India, is also worrying. Very often it is stated that mass turbulence in immediate neighbourhood of a big power is reflective of weakness in principles and practices of statecraft of such a power. Hence, India needs innovative capacities to ensure stability, security and dominance of pro-India forces in this region alongside eradication of cancerous character of Pakistan. This is neither going to be possible by cheque book diplomacy nor military means.

Technological Innovations 

60. India has to undertake extra ordinary measures to create a larger ecosystem to bolster its capacities in the realm of high-end cutting edge technologies like quantum computing, artificial general intelligence, nanotechnologies, robotics, wide range of biotechnologies and gene editing etc, 5G and other high-end telecommunication technologies. A lot of information is available on the web in this realm. While some of the Western states, especially United States always had a stronger base of advanced technologies, alongside highly skilled manpower and overall infrastructure, including some of the best institutions and universities, China has built an integrated capacity, which is constantly getting better. An abnormal gap with the two most powerful super powers is going to not only further cripple comprehensive rise of India but may seriously jeopardise security of state and society by bringing in unexpected situations. Hence, India has to build on its strengths by creating a network of excellence among some of its existing and emerging institutions and fostering talent, which may involve restraining brain drain and getting back some of its best talents from overseas. 

Economic Enterprise and Comprehensive Economic Advancement 

61. Despite India’s surge in terms of gross GDP, India remains one of the poorest nations in terms of per capita income. On most HDI parameters, India compares with parts of sub Saharan Africa. Yet it has unusually high number of billionaires for the size of its economy with top 1% Indians controlling 40% of national wealth (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/1-hold-40-wealth f inancial-analyst-says-income-gap-in-india-now-worse-than-under-british-rule/ articleshow/122202319.cms#:~:text=India%E2%80%99s%20top%201%25%20 now%20control%2040.1%25%20of%20the,a%20recent%20analysis%20by%20 research%20analyst%20Hardik%20Joshi; as accessed on Oct 31, 2025). Another worrying aspect is negligible investment by India’s corporate sector in R&D and most of their wealth emanates from trading and services. In absence of robust industrial capacity and capacity to high end innovations, India needs to ensure that unrestrained and deficiently regulated private sector becomes a genuine partner in the process of governance and building national power. 

62. On the other hand, overwhelming majority Chinese companies that have driving spectacular rise of China are public sector companies. Unlike private sector companies, they have been using their deeper pocket in fundamental research which has enabled them not merely bridge the gap with United states but also forge ahead in many critical areas. Hence, more serious and sustained restructuring is required to harness the strengths of market economy and competition to drive excellence and yet build on strengths of high-performing some of the PSUs in critical areas. Simultaneously, enterprises and ventures that contribute to genuine and strategic economic empowerment need careful encouragement and many others that are driven by avoidable consumer demands but act as drain on national resources require serious discouragement. In contemporary era, we cannot afford to either survive or grow in isolation and hence a proactive and strategic approach is needed alongside smart tactics to scale over challenges in this direction. 

Scientific and Systemic Curb and Containment of Corruption

63. While corruption has emerged as the universal challenge but it appears to be the biggest bane in most of the major developing nations. While total eradication of corruption may be nearly impossible anywhere in the world but probably it may not be as rampant and as widely prevalent and yet normalised as we find in India. In fact, corruption has been somehow mainstreamed in this country and it is beyond capacity of existing institutions of criminal justice system to even dent these. It has been widely stated that if 5 to 10 percent or even 20 percent people are corrupt in a society, probably they are a malignant lot. But when 95 to 100 percent of elite in a society are believed to be corrupt, probably the very system of governance is flawed. 

64. Very often, one comes across assertions that corruption has been fused in Indian psyche, Indian DNA and Indian systems as part of geopolitical and covert war agenda of powerful external forces. While, one can appreciate that corruption is not a moral and ethical issue and the entire country should not be converted into a prison. Yet the stakeholders of India must appreciate that corruption sucks the life blood of a society even though it may enrich few. This may be the only factor that explains India’s relatively lackadaisical performance on all parameters governance over the last five decades compared to China. 

64. Hence, instead of addressing it as a stand alone problem, a total and comprehensive restructuring of institutions has been recommended. Our systems have to provide appropriate space for legitimate enrichment of individuals at one level and deny more space for hidden or obvious entitlements. Besides, leaders in politics, corporate sector and civil service need to live an austere life for sake of nation building and set an example as healthy role model. Courts may never be able to detect each and every instance of big corruption. Hence, it is more important that instead of generating an environment of fear, courts award most exemplary punishment to few to deter the most. The “charity” must begin from home for judiciary in this direction. 

A Comprehensive Transformation.

 65. India needs a comprehensive transformation of entire edifice of its institutions and social ambience for sake of its survival and evolution instead of waiting for a bigger disaster to strike. India needs a spectacular transformation in its governance capacity, which is not possible without serious restructuring of its institutions. Indocracy is not about what India had been in the past but about how can India optimise collective strengths of its people and harness these towards building stronger security and governance capacity under a democratic political dispensation. These are definitely not being presented as final words of wisdom. The objective of this work is to initiate larger discussion with candour and integrity. 

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PS: This is truncated version of a book that was hacked in late 2019 and completely wiped out. This part has been recollected from memory. Many citations could not be retrieved but the work and perspective is truly original and contains no privileged informattion.